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1) Monolingual dictionaries vs. bilingual dictionaries

Monolingual dictionaries are written in one language, while bilingual dictionaries are written in two languages. Bilingual dictionaries are of the two types". One is that the entries are defined and explained in the same language with translations. The other is that the entries are defined in one language and given their foreign equivalents.

2) Linguistic and encyclopedic dictionaries

Linguistic dictionaries aim at providing linguistic information about the head words, such as pronunciation, spelling, meaning, part of speech, etc..
Encyclopedic dictionaries are of the two kinds: one is encyclopedia, which aims at providing encyclopedic information about the headwords. The other is encyclopedic dictionary, which shares the characteristics of both a linguistic dictionary and an encyclopedia.

3) Unabridged, Desk and Pocket Dictionaries

An unabridged dictionary is, theoretically, a complete record of all the words in use, though in fact, it is not.
A desk dictionary is a medium-sized dictionary which usually has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 150,000.
A pocket dictionary usually contains a vocabulary of less than 50,000 words. A pocket dictionary usually provides only the information related to pronunciation and spelling.

4) Specialized dictionaries

Specialized dictionaries usually focus on one area of knowledge. They provide detailed information in a particular subject.

2. Use of dictionaries

The following factors should be considered:

• (1) the dictionary users' level of English
• (2) the kind of information that dictionary users want to consult a dictionary for
• (3) the varieties of English
• (4) the purpose of consulting a dictionary
• (5) the date of publication

3. Dictionaries recommended

• 1) Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
• 2) Collins Cobuild
• 3) Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary

(Get Collins & Webster e-Version at VeryCd.com)

• 1) Semantic unity
  Each idiom is a semantic unity. The semantic unity can be reflected by the fact that the meaning of an idiom is very often not the total sum of the meanings of the constituent words. The semantic unity can also be shown in the illogical relations between the literal meanings of the constituent words and the meaning of the idiom.
• 2) Structural stability
  Structural stability means that the structure of an idiom usually remains unchangeable. In other words, the constituent components of an idiom can not, generally speaking, be replaced.

2. Classification of idioms

• 1) Idioms norminal in nature:
  They function as nouns in a sentence.
• 2) Idioms adjectival in nature
  They function as adjectives in a sentence.
• 3) Idioms verbal in nature
  They function as verbs in a sentence.
• 4) Idioms adverbial in nature
  They function as adverbials in a sentence.
• 5) Sentence idioms
  Such idioms are usually in complete sentential form. They are usually proverbs or sayings.

3. Use of idioms

1) Stylistic features

Different idioms show different stylistic meanings. Some are casual, others formal, still others neural in style. The same idiom may show stylistic differences when denoting different meanings.

2) Rhetorical features

(1) Phonetic manipulation

• a. alliteration such as "chop and change"
• b. rhyme such as "toil and moil"

(2) Lexical manipulation

• a. reiteration, which means the duplication of synonyms such as "chop and change"
  
• b. repetition, which means the repetition of the same word, such as "by and by"
  
• c. juxtaposition, which means the combination of two antonyms such as "day and night"

(3) Figures of speech

• a. simile: as proud as a peacock
• b. metaphor: white elephant
• c. metonymy: velvet glove
• d. synecdoche: earn one's bread
• e. personification: Failure is the mother of success

4. Variations of idioms

• 1) addition: "in good condition" from "in condition"
  
• 2) deletion: "the last straw" from "It is the last straw that breaks the camel's back."
  
• 3) position-shifting: "The Johnsons keep up with sb" from "keep up with the Johnsons"
  
• 4) replacement: "wash one's clean linen in public" from "wash one's dirty linen in public"

Idioms are terse, vivid and expressive.

• Money is not everything. There's Mastercard & Visa.
• One should love animals. They are so tasty.
• Save water. Shower with your girlfriend.
• Love the neighbor. But don't get caught.
• Behind every successful man, there is a man. And behind every unsuccessful man, there are two.
• Every man should marry. After all, happiness is not the only thing in life.
• The wise never marry, And when they marry they become otherwise.
• Success is a relative term. It brings so many relatives.
• Never put off the work till tomorrow what you can put off today.
• Love is photogenic. It needs darkness to develop.
• Children in backseats cause accidents. Accidents in backseats cause children.
• "Your future depends on your dreams." So go to sleep.
• There should be a better way to start a day than waking up every morning.
• "Hard work never killed anybody." But why take the risk?
• "Work fascinates me." I can look at it for hours!
• God made relatives; Thank God we can choose our friends.
• When two's company, three's the result!
• A dress is like a barbed fence. It protects the premises without restricting the view.
• The more you learn, the more you know, The more you know, the more you forget. The more you forget, the less you know. So why bother to learn.

• Get benefit throughout your life!